The History of the Corset Essay -- History Women Feminism

From the beginning of time, a person’s financial and social status could be appeared through what garments they wore. In old Egypt, an individual of high society was allowed by law to wear shoes on the brutal, desert floor. Due to these laws, female-restricting beliefs emerged. For instance, the Greeks and Romans controlled the sort, shading, and number of underpants worn by ladies and the sort of texture dã ©cor utilized on them. The middle turned into the chiseling square of ladylike excellence. This was the start of the undergarment, a limiting, fundamental thing in the women’s clothing through the nineteenth century. During the Renaissance time frame, the bodice looked like a cone, as it was little at the midriff and elevating at the chest. It stretched out from the underarm to simply beneath the midsection. The regular female’s girdle was made solid with metal or wood. Once more, a lady of higher affordable or social standing would have one made uncommon with whalebone. During this time and through the Romantic time frame, a lady was embarrassed in the event that she was discovered missing of a girdle or her abdomen size was not little enough. At that period in time, a 15 to 18 inch abdomen was adequate. Anything surpassing those estimations was believed to be silly. In this way, confining undergarments were the standard and regularly brought about physical disfigurements. For instance, rib confines were frequently split or became twisted because of contracting girdles. The undergarment was discovered unbending and packing during the 1700s. Mid 1800s brought some edifying change: Mantua dresses were m...

Henry V Assignment Essay

Henry V is a great bit of writing, which can be perused completely to oneself. Be that as it may, if the full emotional adequacy is to be valued, it must be found in its actual setting as a presentation in front of an audience. At the time Henry V was composed, theater had a significant influence in people’s lives. It was a lifestyle, and individuals of every social level went to see plays by their preferred writer. Theaters in Elizabethan occasions took on a customary style. They are portrayed the Chorus in Henry V as a ‘wooden O’ as they were without a doubt wooden and ring formed. At an exhibition in an Elizabethan performance center where you stood relied upon your social level. Lower-class individuals or ‘groundlings’ as they would be called, remained on the ground, encompassing the stage. Here you would not just discover individuals remaining to watch the exhibition, yet you would likewise discover family pets and performers like Jugglers and Fire Eaters and the more extravagant supporters of the venue sat in the external ring. In Henry V there are numerous scenes, which can't be carried on in front of an audience viably. These are for the most part the fight scenes, which would include enormous multitudes of men, all things considered. Shakespeare figured out how to defeat this issue and keep his crowd engaged. The theme is the main individual in the play to talk. He asks the crowd â€Å"On your fanciful powers work.† He rationalizes that the stage they are following up on can't be equivalent to the war zones that these occasions really occurred on â€Å"Can this chicken pit hold the vasty fields of France?† The viability of the play relied upon the crowd utilizing their creative mind to â€Å"into a thousand sections isolate one man.† Henry is â€Å"The Mirror of all Christian Kings,† how does Shakespeare develop his character to recommend this and why? All through the play, Henry V, Shakespeare continuously develops a character who is practically flawless inside and out. A Christian as well as a decent ruler. One that future lords should attempt to reflect themselves on. In this article, I am going to discuss, most importantly how others in the play help to develop this character and afterward how Henry’s own activities and words help us to make this picture of an ideal ruler. I will at that point sum up on the character made and afterward I will make an end with regards to whether Henry was really a decent lord and in the case of being a decent ruler makes him a decent individual. Two of the main individuals we meet in the play are the Bishops, Canterbury and Ely. They give us the principal snippets of data that we need, and that Shakespeare utilizes, to develop Henry’s character. In Shakespeare’s time, the crowd will no uncertainty have seen Henry IV where Henry is depicted as tipsy and unruly. Accordingly Shakespeare quickly tells the crowd of Henry V that he has changed and is not, at this point this way. â€Å"The ruler is loaded with effortlessness and reasonable regard.† Canterbury, Act 1, Scene 1, Line 24. â€Å"And a genuine admirer of the heavenly church.† Ely, Act 1, Scene 1, Line 26. The second of these lines give us that the lord is currently a Christian who visits church and likes it. Canterbury and Ely plan to utilize Henry’s Christian conviction to make him drop the assessment on the congregation. So this is our first bit of proof that Henry is a Christian ruler. There is a comic subplot that runs all through the play to take away from the reality of the story. In the event that this was not set in the play, the entire story would appear to be somewhat exhausting, however there is another motivation behind why this is here. They all give us great photos of the ruler and how he has changed. The characters engaged with this subplot are, Pistol, Nim, Bardolph and Hostess. Their regard for the ruler is incredible, in spite of the fact that they feel that their companion John Folstaff passed on from a messed up heart since he lost the kinship of Henry as he became lord. â€Å"The King has slaughtered his heart.† Hostess, Act 2, Scene 1, Line 84. It is this devotion and regard for the lord that tells us that he should be a decent ruler and a decent individual. He has been a reliable companion yet has sneaked away as his regal obligations have dominated. This doesn't imply that he is anything but a decent individual any longer, or a decent lord. Despite the fact that you wouldn’t have thought in this way, Henry’s foes, the French, additionally reveal to us a ton about him. They realize that his capacity is incredible and that he is regarded in his nation. Since they know about this force, they feel careful to feel excessively sure of triumph at Agincourt. They talk among each other saying that they think the lord is silly. â€Å"What a pitiable and bad tempered individual is this King of England.† Orl㠯⠿â ½ans, Act 3, Scene 7, Lines 127-128 We can think about this however it didn’t influence my judgment as they are the foe as will undoubtedly make statements like that. So accordingly we didn't realize whether Henry is a decent Christian lord from the French yet we learned that he is ground-breaking and not all that feeble as to be dismissed as a simple triumph. There is another occurrence where the two nations meet. The Dauphin meets with him prior in the play and afterward reports back to King Charles. He tells the lord HENRY IS â€Å"THE MIRROR OF ALL CHRISTIAN KINGS,† HOW DOES SHAKESPEARE BUILD UP HIS CHARACTER TO SUGGEST THIS AND WHY? that England is governed by a â€Å"vain, jubilant, shallow, hilarious youth.† and that along these lines, they have no dread of doing battle. Lord Charles at that point advises his sovereigns and knights to be careful with Henry, since he doesn’t need France to live its previous history once more. â€Å"And he is reproduced out of that wicked strain that spooky us in our recognizable ways. Witness our an excess of significant disgrace when Cr㠯⠿â ½cy fight lethally struck,† Lord Charles, Act 2, Scene 4, Lines 51-54. The individual who I felt educated us the most regarding Henry’s character was Henry himself. One of the principal genuine moves we see him make is against the three swindlers, Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry, Lord Scrope of Masham and Thomas Gray, Knight of Northumberland. Their arrangement was to execute Henry at Southampton before he withdrew for France. Henry found out about this yet didn’t straight away request them to be executed for high injustice. We see Henry tell the three backstabbers that a man had been captured for yelling maltreatment at him while alcoholic, he at that point asks them what they figure the discipline ought to be. â€Å"That’s leniency yet a lot of security.† Scrope, Act 2, Scene 2, Line 44. Scrope discloses to Henry that he ought to be rebuffed and utilized for instance. Henry answers, â€Å"O let us yet be merciful.† Act 2, Scene 2, Line 47. Cambridge imagines that Henry should save his life yet rebuff him never the less. â€Å"So may your Excellency, but then rebuff too.† Cambridge, Act 2, Scene2, Line 48. Thomas Gray imagines that he ought to be executed. â€Å"Sir, you show extraordinary leniency on the off chance that you give him life, after the flavor of much correction.† Gray, Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 49-50. After this, we despite everything don't see Henry approach the deceivers with what they are wanting to do. Rather he gives them each a bit of paper, which uncovers what he has realized. He at that point says, snidely, â€Å"Why, how now, men of honor? What see you in those papers, that you lose so much appearance? †Look ye how they change: Their cheeks are paper. †Why, what read you there that have so cowarded and driven your blood out of appearance? Ruler Henry, Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 68-73. This revealed to me that Henry needed to essentially make the double crossers convict themselves. Henry at that point delivers a discourse about how he can't offer leniency to three individuals who rushed to settle on execution for a man who had just stood up of tone while flushed. This made me feel that Henry is firm yet reasonable. He didn't convict them straight away and send them to be executed. Rather he let them convict themselves and choose their own discipline, which was passing. Henry says that he doesn't look for retribution for himself yet for his nation. This discloses to me that he is a decent lord who thinks for his nation and not only for himself. A lot a greater amount of Henry activities during the play reveal to us that he is cool under tension, thinks for his nation. At the point when the Dauphin carries the coffin of tennis balls to England, Henry doesn't lash out and detonate into a craze of outrage, equivalent to when the stuff young men are murdered at Agincourt. He consolidates his hostility with cautious reasoning and uses his annoyance in different spots where it is required. HENRY IS â€Å"THE MIRROR OF ALL CHRISTIAN KINGS,† HOW DOES SHAKESPEARE BUILD UP HIS CHARACTER TO SUGGEST THIS AND WHY? Henry’s words likewise disclose to us a great deal about him. Toward the finish of the play when he charms his lady of the hour to be Catherine, he is sentimental and attempts to take her psyche off the way that he is a lord and cause her to understand that he is only a conventional individual. This reality is imperative to develop this character of Henry, we need to understand that he is only a typical individual and I feel that Henry’s words all through the play frequently recommend this. Toward the start of the skirmish of Agincourt, Henry delivers a discourse, which is presently likely one of Shakespeare’s most renowned talks, the St Crispins Day discourse. It is utilized to propel solidarity in a wide range of sports. Henry utilizes it to inspire his warriors, prepared for the clash of Agincourt. â€Å"We few, we cheerful few, we band of brothers.† King Henry, Act 4, Scene 3 Line 60. This line gives us that he has brought himself down from his regal post and is presently a sibling of the considerable number of warriors who will be battling with him. Not as their pioneer, however as a companion, a sibling. His discourse is sufficient to cause any peruser to feel devoted, as it did me and shows that he is a decent ruler, who doesn't generally consider himself a lord. So Shakespeare makes a practically ideal character in this play. Henry is, quiet under pressur

Installment Loans More Mileage for Your Money (Part 3 of 3)

Installment Loans More Mileage for Your Money (Part 3 of 3) Installment Loans: More Mileage for Your Money (Part 3 of 3) Installment Loans: More Mileage for Your Money (Part 3 of 3)In the world of lending, especially for people who have less-than-stellar credit scores, a payday loan is like a racecar: expensive and dangerous. Payday loans, with their high Annual Percentage Rates (APRs) and debt-trap structure, cause the average payday loan customer to take out ten loans per year and spend almost 200 days of the year in debt.[1] Looks like they’re not so “short-term” after all!An installment loan, on the other hand, is more like the family car: safe and functional, it gets the kids to school, you to work, and you can rely on it year round.The Payday Way is a Dead End.Let’s say your car breaks down on the way to work, and you need $1,000 in a hurry to pay for repairs. You take out a 14-day payday loan that costs $15 per $100 borrowed. The total cost of the loan is $150, and full repayment ($1,150) is due in two weeks.But is $1,150 something you could actually pay back in two weeks? Probably not. In fact, most payday loan customers can only afford roughly $100 per month towards their loan.[2] So you roll the loan over and pay the $150 you owe in interest in order to secure a two-week extension. However, those two weeks means paying another $150 in interest. Your payday loan now costs $300 and you still owe $1,150 to the lender. Basically, you’re right back where you started.Let’s say it takes you six months to finally pay the loan back in full, having rolled it over 13 times. It would have cost you $1,950 in total. After half a year, you’ve ended up paying nearly twice what you originally borrowed in fees and interest alone! Payday loans might not seem disastrous in the short term, but over time their costs really add up. The APR for a 14-day payday loan that costs $15 per $100 borrowed would be an astronomical 390%. You can read more in the eBook How to Protect Yourself from Payday Loans and Predatory Lenders.Long-Term Installment Loan = Long-Term SavingsNow what if y ou take out a $1,000 installment loan to pay your mechanic’s bill instead? It’s a six-month loan, with six monthly payments, and an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of 99%. Right away, you see a huge difference in cost. Whereas the payday loan cost $1,950 over six months, this installment loan costs $307.75. That’s over six times less.This lower cost is due to a couple of different factors. One of them is the APR. The installment loan’s 99% APR is much lower than the payday loan’s 390% APR, which means that the installment loan is less expensive. APR measures the cost of a loan over a full year, so it doesn’t matter as much when a loan is only two weeks long. But when a loan lasts for six whole months? It matters a lot.  Also see  What’s the Difference Between a Payday Loan and an Installment Loan?  in our Blog for more information.But there’s another factor at work that makes the installment loan even cheaper: it’s called “amortization”, and it’s not nearly as c omplicated as it sounds.Amortization: The Electric Car of Personal LendingAmortization is a specific type of loan repayment structure. Amortized loans are designed to be repaid in a series of regularly scheduled, equally sized payments. Each payment also consists of two parts: one part pays down the principal, and the other part pays down the interest. Why is that important? Because it means that every payment you make reduces the amount you owe.Every time you reduce the principal amount owed on an amortized loan, you also reduce the amount charged in interest. With an amortizing installment loan, interest is charged as a percentage of the principal. If the principal is smaller, than the interest charge is smaller as well. The difference from one payment to the next may be small, but it adds up over time.Installment loans are amortizing, while payday loans are not. That’s why installment loans are so much less expensive. From the first payment you make on your installment loan, yo ure reducing the amount you owe. With a payday loan, on the other hand, the interest is a flat fee based on the original amount loaned. Every time the loan is rolled over, youre being charged that same fee all over again.Installment loans get cheaper over time; payday loans only get more expensive. Choosing between the two is just like choosing between a minivan and an F1 racecar: it’s not really a choice at all. It’s just common sense.References: Payday Loans and Deposit Advance Products. (2013, April 24). Retrieved from https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201304_cfpb_payday-dap-whitepaper.pdf Bourke, N., Horowitz, A., Roche, T. (2013, February). Payday Lending America: How Borrowers Choose and Repay Payday Loans. Retrieved from https://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2013/02/20/pew_choosing_borrowing_payday_feb2013-%281%29.pdf

PLU, Pacific Lutheran Admission SAT Scores, Admit Rate

Peer to Peer Assessment Strategy for Groups

Group work is a great strategy to use in the secondary classroom in order to to improve student learning.  But group work sometimes requires a form of problem solving on its own. While the goal in these classroom collaborations is to equally distribute the work to solve a problem or produce a product, there maybe a student (or two) who does not contribute as much as the other members of the group. This student may let his or her fellow students do the bulk of the work, and this student may even share the group grade. This student is the  slacker  in the group, a member who can frustrate the other members of the group. This is especially a problem if the some of the group work is done outside the classroom. So what can a teacher do about assessing this slacker student who does not collaborate with others or who contributes little to the finished product? How can a teacher be fair and award the appropriate grade to those members of a group who have worked effectively? Is equal participation in group work even possible?   The Reasons for Using Group Work in Class While these concerns might make a teacher think about giving up group work entirely, there are still powerful reasons for using groups in class: Students take ownership of the subject matter.Students develop communication and teamwork skills.Students work together and teach each other.  Students can bring  individual skill sets  to a group.Students learn to plan more effectively and manage their time. Here is one more reason to use groups Students can learn to how to assess their work and the work of others. At the secondary level, the success of group work can be measured in many different ways, but the most common is through a grade or points. Instead of having the teacher determine how a groups participation or project will be scored, teachers can grade the project as a whole and then turn the individual participant grades over to the group as a lesson in negotiation. Turning this responsibility over to the students can address the problem of grading the slacker in the group by having student peers distribute points based on the evidence of work contributed. Designing the Point or Grade System: If the teacher chooses to use peer to peer grade distribution, the teacher must be clear that the project under review will be graded to meet standards outlined in a rubric. The total number of points available for the completed project, however, would be based on the number of people in each group. For example, the top score (or an A) awarded to a student for a project or participation that meets the highest standard could be set at 50 points. If there are 4 students in the group, the project would be worth 200 points (4 students X 50 points each).If there are 3 students in the group,  the project would be worth 150 points  (3 students X 50 points each).If there are 2 members of the group,  the project would be worth 100 points  (2 students X 50 points each).    Peer to Peer Grading and Student Negotiation   Each student would be be awarded points using the following formula: 1. The teacher would first grade the project  as anA or B or C, etc.  based on the criteria established in the rubric. 2. The teacher would convert that grade into its numerical equivalent:   For example, the teacher may determine that the project should be awarded  the equivalent of a B:​If the project had four students and was worth 200 points, the project would receive 172  points;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã‚  if the project had three students and was worth 150 points, the project would receive  130 points;if the project had two students and was worth 100 points, the project would be awarded 86 points. 3.  After the project receives a grade from the teacher, the students in the group would negotiate on how to divide these points for a grade. Each student must have evidence of what he or she did to  earn points.  Students  could equitably divide the points:   172 points (4 students) or130 points (3 students) or86 points (two students)​If all students worked equally and have the evidence to show they should all get the same grade, then each student would receive 43  points out of the original 50 points available.  Each student would receive an 86%.However,  in the group of three students, if two students have the evidence that that they did the bulk of the work, they could negotiate for more points.  They could negotiate for 48 points each (96%) and leave the  slacker with 34 points (68%).   4. Students confer with the teacher for the distribution of points supported by evidence. Results of Peer to Peer Grading Having students participate in how they are graded makes the assessment process transparent. In these negotiations, all students are responsible for providing evidence of the work they did in completing the project.   Peer to peer assessment can be a motivating experience. When teachers may not be able to motivate students, this form of peer pressure may get the desired results. It is recommended that the negotiations for awarding points be supervised by the teacher to ensure fairness. The teacher can retain the ability to override a groups decision. Using this strategy can provide students an opportunity advocate for themselves, a real world skill they will need after they leave school.

Trauma Teams And The Trauma Team - 1560 Words

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary trauma is â€Å"an injury (as a wound) to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent.† The intrinsic agent could be a fall, assault, or a car accident that creates the trauma. Trauma â€Å"is the leading cause of death in the 1-44 year old age group.† Trauma teams were set in place to help reduce the number of deaths caused by trauma by having different multidisciplinary working together. This correlates to the build cohesive teams through mutual trust principle of mission command. Trauma teams apply mission command continually as they deal with the traumas coming in. The acuity of the traumas coming in determines if the trauma team will be activated. According to the North Central Texas Regional Advisory council, the most common traumas that require automatic trauma team response include: multisystem blunt trauma with unstable vital signs, penetrating injury of head, neck, chest abdomen, burns greater than 20% or involving face, airway, hands, feet, or genitalia, amputations, paralysis or other signs of spinal cord injury, flail chest, open or suspected depressed skull fracture, unstable pelvis or open pelvic fracture, two or more longbone fractures, and high energy events such as fall greater than 20ft, ejection from vehicle, death of occupant in same vehicle, bent steering wheel, auto-pedestrian impact, motorcycle or bicycle involvement and significant assault. All this different traumas involve different systems of the body. This isShow MoreRelatedThe Emergency Department Trauma Team1464 Words   |  6 Pages For the last two and half years in nursing school, I have always wanted to be part of the emergency department-trauma team. I had the privilege to work with the Arrow Head Regional Medical Center Emergency Department for the last 10 weeks with my clinical preceptor Ok Benseley. During the first couple of shifts I was unsure what and how I would present a change project to a unit that was already well organized. My preceptor and the nurse educator Jonathan Lee, told me to settle in first and thenRead MoreDr. Ellert And Stan, The Adhs Trauma Stakeholder Workgroup Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Ellert and Stan, The ADHS trauma stakeholder workgroup held its December meeting last week and I attended along with Dr. O’Neil. My notes are below. Please let me know if you see anything that raises issues. I think we continue to be okay but I have highlighted three issues where I’d like your attention. Here is a link to the most recent CME Requirement – The consensus is the trauma medical director’s CME should be â€Å"external to the facility.† As I understood the conversation, a doctorRead MoreBlood Culture Contamination Rates In The Emergency Department Case Study806 Words   |  4 Pagesand Resolutions for Improvement Blood culture (BC) contamination is a common, yet preventable problem for emergency departments (EDs) across the country (Self et al., 2014). Erlanger Hospital’s ED is no different and being the region’s only Level 1 Trauma Center, it is called to an excellent standard of practice. BC testing is a routinely applied intervention used to diagnose infections in symptomatic patients who arrive at the ED (Denno Gannon, 2013). BCs are essential as they help identify accurateRead MoreA Reflection On The Trauma Nurse973 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine a situation where I have been in a leadership role. I will focus on an assignment where I was the trauma nurse early in my nursing career. Using the top five strengths obtained from the Strengths Finder 2.0 assessment, I will analyze how they helped to support my role as a leader. Analysis of Leadership and Followership Reflecting on my nursing career and trying to pick out a situation that would appropriately describe a leadership or follower situation, IRead MoreAnalysis Of Leadership And Followership. Reflecting On1183 Words   |  5 Pagesemergency department, I began to be nudged into the leadership role more often. Working in the resuscitation room gave me a better feeling of leadership amongst my peers. When you become the nurse in charge of resuscitation, running the codes and traumas, people look at you with a different expectation. As stated by Daft (2011) â€Å"Good leaders know how to follow, and they set an example for others† (pg. 6). Assuming the role of leader was easily accepted, since my co-workers had experienced my followershipRead MoreTriage Protocols In Pros And Cons1566 Words   |  7 Pagesphysicians, pre-hospital personnel, respiratory therapists and radiology. After completion participants completed a 16 question survey which was analyzed for participants percepti ons of the course. Furthermore 541 cases were reviewed from the hospital’s trauma registry reviewing length of stay (LOS), 6 months and 12 months before and after the implementation of RTTDC (Hlaing Zhu et al., 2011). Analysis of the data showed participants strongly agreed they gained knowledge from the course (18.8%), and agreedRead MoreA Social Worker At The Royal Bethlem Hospital997 Words   |  4 Pagesdirectly service users, working within multi agency team. I attended and wrote reports for CPA (Care Programme Approach) and Social Circumstances Report for, Mental Health Manager’s Hearing as well collating Placement Profile for patients to enables the Community Team to identify suitable future placement. I attended Mental Health Tribunal and Managers Hearing to present Social Circumstance Report. In particular, I liaised with patient’s community care Team, families, especially the children and significantRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of The Foster Care Youth Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pageshave been exposed to multiple forms of traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, family and/or community violence, trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation, or sexual abuse, bullying, or loss of loved ones. Consequently, trauma experienced by children in foster care is often complex and left untreated permeant permanently effecting the overall growth and development resulting in lasting repercussions felt years later. Some examples of traumatic symptoms include behavioralRead MoreThe Impact Of Acnp On Trauma Care Patients1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of ACNP on Trauma Care Patients Role of the APN in improving patient outcomes The rapidly increasing sector of aging population and an implementation of the Affordable Care Act, which extends coverage to an additional 32 million of Americans, would culminate in the dire shortage of medical providers (Moote, Kleinpell, Todd, 2011, p. 452). Predicted shortage of health care workforce intensifies the interest in and need to understand better NP utilization, productivity, and unique valueRead MoreDuring The Last Clinical Rotation Of My Adult-Gerontology940 Words   |  4 Pages The combination of clinical expertise and advanced training is what make an Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner (AG-ACNP) so valuable to a multidisciplinary team. AG-ACNPs are polyglots; fluent in the language of physician, nurse, and patient. As a result, the AG-ACNP is the ideal leader on a interprofessional team to care for the most critically-ill. The ICU paradigm of care has shifted from provider focused to patient focused. AG-ACNPs have responded by providing high-intens ity critical

Contemporary Hotel Marketing for Macro Environment -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Hotel Marketing for Macro Environment. Answer: Introduction In the modern era, the competition among firms and businesses operating in the hospitality industry has become highly intense. Now, it is no longer easy for organizations to attract new customers and retain the old ones in the long run. Businesses are required to develop effective strategies at regular intervals to deal with the increasing competition (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). On the other side of this, the changes in macro environmental factors also affect the overall operations and activities of businesses operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. Factors such as technology, legal laws, socio-culture, demographics, etc. affect companies to a great extent. The present report explores different macro-environmental factors and their impact on activities of the business which are operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. External Macro Environment Impact of changing demographics In simpler terms, demographics can be defined as the statistical study which is linked with human population and its overall distribution in the society. In the present scenario, the changes in demographic variables result in affecting areas such as sales and profitability of businesses. The statement can be justified by the fact that in situations of rising in the aging population, the demand of hospitality related services tends to reduce(Kandampully, Zhang, Bilgihan, 2015). On the other hand, increasing young population results in raising the demand for travel, tour, and leisure related services. Changing economic conditions It can be stated that adequate economic growth helps businesses in the hospitality industry of Australia to carry out the smooth flow of their business operations and activities. Here, fall in discretionary income levels can result in lowering down the sales and profitability of these businesses. In simpler terms, discretionary income can be termed as the income which is left after spending and paying all the taxes(Solnet, Kralj, Baum, 2015). Furthermore, people spend their discretionary income on buying products and services of the hospitality industry. On the other side of this, increase in interest rates also affects the operation of companies operating in the hospitality industry. For example, increase in the rate of interest creates obstacles for businesses in terms of growth and expansion. It can be asserted that taking loan from banks becomes difficult and thus, people restrict themselves to spend their money on activities linked with leisure, travel, and tourism. Intense Competition The degree of competition among business has become highly intense, and the factor is beyond the control of organizations. Furthermore, brand, substitute and indirect are the three primary sources from where businesses face competition. The increasing and intense competition is a severe threat to companies operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. The rationale behind this is that intense competition provides customers with various alternatives and options to choose from. At the same time, hospitality businesses are required to operate with low prices to attract more customers and sustain in the marketplace. Companies are even required to operate with the low-profit margins, and this is a significant obstacle to long-term growth. Intense competition is a threat because it affects areas such as brand loyalty, customer retention, and profit margins(Seri?, Gil-Saura, Ruiz-Molina, 2014). The marketers are required to develop effective strategies which can help in getting a competitive advantage over other market players. At the same time, they need to ensure that a lot cost of operations is maintained and this is quite challenging. Society and culture changes and their impact on industry The changing socio-cultural patterns, social values, belief and lifestyle of customers have also emerged as a big issue for marketers in the Australian hospitality industry. The changing lifestyle and pattern of travel have resulted in making the study of consumer behaviour very complicated for the markets. To sustain in the long run, companies in the hospitality industry are required to offer products and services as per changing consumer behaviour, need, and demand. However, it can be critically argued that businesses may face challenges in increasing revenues and profits if the products and services are not according to demand of customers(McPhail, Patiar, Herington, Creed, Davidson, 2015). The marketers are required to carry out changes in their marketing strategy and plans according to the changes in the socio-cultural environment within the country. Political legal changes Legislation linked with the market, monetary and fiscal policies, social regulations, government support to the industry are considered as some critical components of the political-legal element of a macro environmental factor. The changes in laws and regulations encourage businesses to carry out modifications in their existing processes and activities(Assaf Agbola, 2014). The hospitality organization may also face legal consequences and penalties in situations if the laws and regulations are not addressed properly. Changes in the rate of taxes and interest may force customers to lower down their spending on activities linked with leisure, travel, and tourism. At the same time, political unrest in the country may restrict international travellers and tourists to visit that particular nation. Such kind of situations adversely affects the overall operations, sales, and revenues of small, medium and large enterprises operating in the hospitality industry(Buhalis Crotts, 2013). Some other legal issues faced by hospitality industry include health regulations, the degree of foreign investment, liquor licensing, landing taxes, etc. At the time of carrying out marketing activities, it is required by marketers to consider the legal laws and regulations developed within the industry and country.. Technology advancements In the present scenario, the emergence of technology has affected the overall lifestyle and spending of people to a great extent. On the contrary of this, it can be critically argued that technology is considered as a mixed blessing as it has both advantages as well as some disadvantages. The use of technology has resulted in making the entire purchasing process of customers more convenient. At the same time, businesses in the hospitality industry of Australia are now available with a potential platform to carry out marketing and promotion of their products and services(Wijesinghe, 2014). Tools such as email marketing, social media, internet marketing are highly effective in terms of attracting customers. On the other hand, companies are required to upgrade technology at regular intervals and this result in increasing the overall cost of operations. Conclusion It can be inferred that the macro environmental factors are beyond the control of businesses. To sustain in the highly competitive marketplace, it is required by companies to examine the changes in five major marketing environments. It is also suggested that businesses should monitor these changes and should develop effective strategies to lower down the adverse effect of these changes. References Assaf, A. G., Agbola, F. W. (2014). Efficiency analysis of the australian accommodation industry: a bayesian output distance function. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research , 116-132. Buhalis, D., Crotts, J. (2013). Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management. Routledge , Abingdon-on-Thames. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T., Bilgihan, A. (2015). Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 379-414. McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P., Davidson, M. (2015). Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees job satisfaction index: Evidence from Australia. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 1814-1838. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013). Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. Seri?, M., Gil-Saura, I., Ruiz-Molina, M. E. (2014). How can integrated marketing communications and advanced technology influence the creation of customer-based brand equity? Evidence from the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management , 144-156. Solnet, D., Kralj, A., Baum, T. (2015). 360 degrees of pressure: The changing role of the HR professional in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research , 271-292. Wijesinghe, G. (2014). Reimagining the application of sustainability to the hospitality industry through a virtue ethics framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 31-49.