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Peer to Peer Assessment Strategy for Groups

Group work is a great strategy to use in the secondary classroom in order to to improve student learning.  But group work sometimes requires a form of problem solving on its own. While the goal in these classroom collaborations is to equally distribute the work to solve a problem or produce a product, there maybe a student (or two) who does not contribute as much as the other members of the group. This student may let his or her fellow students do the bulk of the work, and this student may even share the group grade. This student is the  slacker  in the group, a member who can frustrate the other members of the group. This is especially a problem if the some of the group work is done outside the classroom. So what can a teacher do about assessing this slacker student who does not collaborate with others or who contributes little to the finished product? How can a teacher be fair and award the appropriate grade to those members of a group who have worked effectively? Is equal participation in group work even possible?   The Reasons for Using Group Work in Class While these concerns might make a teacher think about giving up group work entirely, there are still powerful reasons for using groups in class: Students take ownership of the subject matter.Students develop communication and teamwork skills.Students work together and teach each other.  Students can bring  individual skill sets  to a group.Students learn to plan more effectively and manage their time. Here is one more reason to use groups Students can learn to how to assess their work and the work of others. At the secondary level, the success of group work can be measured in many different ways, but the most common is through a grade or points. Instead of having the teacher determine how a groups participation or project will be scored, teachers can grade the project as a whole and then turn the individual participant grades over to the group as a lesson in negotiation. Turning this responsibility over to the students can address the problem of grading the slacker in the group by having student peers distribute points based on the evidence of work contributed. Designing the Point or Grade System: If the teacher chooses to use peer to peer grade distribution, the teacher must be clear that the project under review will be graded to meet standards outlined in a rubric. The total number of points available for the completed project, however, would be based on the number of people in each group. For example, the top score (or an A) awarded to a student for a project or participation that meets the highest standard could be set at 50 points. If there are 4 students in the group, the project would be worth 200 points (4 students X 50 points each).If there are 3 students in the group,  the project would be worth 150 points  (3 students X 50 points each).If there are 2 members of the group,  the project would be worth 100 points  (2 students X 50 points each).    Peer to Peer Grading and Student Negotiation   Each student would be be awarded points using the following formula: 1. The teacher would first grade the project  as anA or B or C, etc.  based on the criteria established in the rubric. 2. The teacher would convert that grade into its numerical equivalent:   For example, the teacher may determine that the project should be awarded  the equivalent of a B:​If the project had four students and was worth 200 points, the project would receive 172  points;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã‚  if the project had three students and was worth 150 points, the project would receive  130 points;if the project had two students and was worth 100 points, the project would be awarded 86 points. 3.  After the project receives a grade from the teacher, the students in the group would negotiate on how to divide these points for a grade. Each student must have evidence of what he or she did to  earn points.  Students  could equitably divide the points:   172 points (4 students) or130 points (3 students) or86 points (two students)​If all students worked equally and have the evidence to show they should all get the same grade, then each student would receive 43  points out of the original 50 points available.  Each student would receive an 86%.However,  in the group of three students, if two students have the evidence that that they did the bulk of the work, they could negotiate for more points.  They could negotiate for 48 points each (96%) and leave the  slacker with 34 points (68%).   4. Students confer with the teacher for the distribution of points supported by evidence. Results of Peer to Peer Grading Having students participate in how they are graded makes the assessment process transparent. In these negotiations, all students are responsible for providing evidence of the work they did in completing the project.   Peer to peer assessment can be a motivating experience. When teachers may not be able to motivate students, this form of peer pressure may get the desired results. It is recommended that the negotiations for awarding points be supervised by the teacher to ensure fairness. The teacher can retain the ability to override a groups decision. Using this strategy can provide students an opportunity advocate for themselves, a real world skill they will need after they leave school.

Trauma Teams And The Trauma Team - 1560 Words

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary trauma is â€Å"an injury (as a wound) to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent.† The intrinsic agent could be a fall, assault, or a car accident that creates the trauma. Trauma â€Å"is the leading cause of death in the 1-44 year old age group.† Trauma teams were set in place to help reduce the number of deaths caused by trauma by having different multidisciplinary working together. This correlates to the build cohesive teams through mutual trust principle of mission command. Trauma teams apply mission command continually as they deal with the traumas coming in. The acuity of the traumas coming in determines if the trauma team will be activated. According to the North Central Texas Regional Advisory council, the most common traumas that require automatic trauma team response include: multisystem blunt trauma with unstable vital signs, penetrating injury of head, neck, chest abdomen, burns greater than 20% or involving face, airway, hands, feet, or genitalia, amputations, paralysis or other signs of spinal cord injury, flail chest, open or suspected depressed skull fracture, unstable pelvis or open pelvic fracture, two or more longbone fractures, and high energy events such as fall greater than 20ft, ejection from vehicle, death of occupant in same vehicle, bent steering wheel, auto-pedestrian impact, motorcycle or bicycle involvement and significant assault. All this different traumas involve different systems of the body. This isShow MoreRelatedThe Emergency Department Trauma Team1464 Words   |  6 Pages For the last two and half years in nursing school, I have always wanted to be part of the emergency department-trauma team. 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Contemporary Hotel Marketing for Macro Environment -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Hotel Marketing for Macro Environment. Answer: Introduction In the modern era, the competition among firms and businesses operating in the hospitality industry has become highly intense. Now, it is no longer easy for organizations to attract new customers and retain the old ones in the long run. Businesses are required to develop effective strategies at regular intervals to deal with the increasing competition (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). On the other side of this, the changes in macro environmental factors also affect the overall operations and activities of businesses operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. Factors such as technology, legal laws, socio-culture, demographics, etc. affect companies to a great extent. The present report explores different macro-environmental factors and their impact on activities of the business which are operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. External Macro Environment Impact of changing demographics In simpler terms, demographics can be defined as the statistical study which is linked with human population and its overall distribution in the society. In the present scenario, the changes in demographic variables result in affecting areas such as sales and profitability of businesses. The statement can be justified by the fact that in situations of rising in the aging population, the demand of hospitality related services tends to reduce(Kandampully, Zhang, Bilgihan, 2015). On the other hand, increasing young population results in raising the demand for travel, tour, and leisure related services. Changing economic conditions It can be stated that adequate economic growth helps businesses in the hospitality industry of Australia to carry out the smooth flow of their business operations and activities. Here, fall in discretionary income levels can result in lowering down the sales and profitability of these businesses. In simpler terms, discretionary income can be termed as the income which is left after spending and paying all the taxes(Solnet, Kralj, Baum, 2015). Furthermore, people spend their discretionary income on buying products and services of the hospitality industry. On the other side of this, increase in interest rates also affects the operation of companies operating in the hospitality industry. For example, increase in the rate of interest creates obstacles for businesses in terms of growth and expansion. It can be asserted that taking loan from banks becomes difficult and thus, people restrict themselves to spend their money on activities linked with leisure, travel, and tourism. Intense Competition The degree of competition among business has become highly intense, and the factor is beyond the control of organizations. Furthermore, brand, substitute and indirect are the three primary sources from where businesses face competition. The increasing and intense competition is a severe threat to companies operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. The rationale behind this is that intense competition provides customers with various alternatives and options to choose from. At the same time, hospitality businesses are required to operate with low prices to attract more customers and sustain in the marketplace. Companies are even required to operate with the low-profit margins, and this is a significant obstacle to long-term growth. Intense competition is a threat because it affects areas such as brand loyalty, customer retention, and profit margins(Seri?, Gil-Saura, Ruiz-Molina, 2014). The marketers are required to develop effective strategies which can help in getting a competitive advantage over other market players. At the same time, they need to ensure that a lot cost of operations is maintained and this is quite challenging. Society and culture changes and their impact on industry The changing socio-cultural patterns, social values, belief and lifestyle of customers have also emerged as a big issue for marketers in the Australian hospitality industry. The changing lifestyle and pattern of travel have resulted in making the study of consumer behaviour very complicated for the markets. To sustain in the long run, companies in the hospitality industry are required to offer products and services as per changing consumer behaviour, need, and demand. However, it can be critically argued that businesses may face challenges in increasing revenues and profits if the products and services are not according to demand of customers(McPhail, Patiar, Herington, Creed, Davidson, 2015). The marketers are required to carry out changes in their marketing strategy and plans according to the changes in the socio-cultural environment within the country. Political legal changes Legislation linked with the market, monetary and fiscal policies, social regulations, government support to the industry are considered as some critical components of the political-legal element of a macro environmental factor. The changes in laws and regulations encourage businesses to carry out modifications in their existing processes and activities(Assaf Agbola, 2014). The hospitality organization may also face legal consequences and penalties in situations if the laws and regulations are not addressed properly. Changes in the rate of taxes and interest may force customers to lower down their spending on activities linked with leisure, travel, and tourism. At the same time, political unrest in the country may restrict international travellers and tourists to visit that particular nation. Such kind of situations adversely affects the overall operations, sales, and revenues of small, medium and large enterprises operating in the hospitality industry(Buhalis Crotts, 2013). Some other legal issues faced by hospitality industry include health regulations, the degree of foreign investment, liquor licensing, landing taxes, etc. At the time of carrying out marketing activities, it is required by marketers to consider the legal laws and regulations developed within the industry and country.. Technology advancements In the present scenario, the emergence of technology has affected the overall lifestyle and spending of people to a great extent. On the contrary of this, it can be critically argued that technology is considered as a mixed blessing as it has both advantages as well as some disadvantages. The use of technology has resulted in making the entire purchasing process of customers more convenient. At the same time, businesses in the hospitality industry of Australia are now available with a potential platform to carry out marketing and promotion of their products and services(Wijesinghe, 2014). Tools such as email marketing, social media, internet marketing are highly effective in terms of attracting customers. On the other hand, companies are required to upgrade technology at regular intervals and this result in increasing the overall cost of operations. Conclusion It can be inferred that the macro environmental factors are beyond the control of businesses. To sustain in the highly competitive marketplace, it is required by companies to examine the changes in five major marketing environments. It is also suggested that businesses should monitor these changes and should develop effective strategies to lower down the adverse effect of these changes. References Assaf, A. G., Agbola, F. W. (2014). Efficiency analysis of the australian accommodation industry: a bayesian output distance function. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research , 116-132. Buhalis, D., Crotts, J. (2013). Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management. Routledge , Abingdon-on-Thames. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T., Bilgihan, A. (2015). Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 379-414. McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P., Davidson, M. (2015). Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees job satisfaction index: Evidence from Australia. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 1814-1838. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013). Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. Seri?, M., Gil-Saura, I., Ruiz-Molina, M. E. (2014). How can integrated marketing communications and advanced technology influence the creation of customer-based brand equity? Evidence from the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management , 144-156. Solnet, D., Kralj, A., Baum, T. (2015). 360 degrees of pressure: The changing role of the HR professional in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research , 271-292. Wijesinghe, G. (2014). Reimagining the application of sustainability to the hospitality industry through a virtue ethics framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 31-49.